Running Title: Short version of the manuscript title (up to six words)

Manuscript Title

Firstname Lastname 1,, Firstname Lastname 1,2,, Firstname Lastname 3

A.B.C.: ORCID® XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX

D.E.F.G.: ORCID® XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX

H.I.: ORCID® XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX

1 Affiliation 1

2 Affiliation 2

3 Affiliation 3

* Corresponding author: email@uni.edu

Abstract

Abstract should be limited to up to 300 words and it should give a complete understanding of the manuscript, including the main objective(s) or hypothesis/hypotheses, summarized methods, key results and final/concluding remarks. Do not use subheadings in the abstract body (such as "objective" or "results). Do not cite references.

Keywords: Keyword 1, Keyword 2, Keyword 3, Keyword 4, Keyword 5 (Limit To Five Keywords)

Using This Template

This template is a general guideline of the complete Instructions for Authors of the Ocean and Coastal Research (OCR) journal. Note that each section in this template has a corresponding “OCR style” (click ‘Styles Pane’ to visualize them) and may be used to quickly format the document. The manuscript sections below are given for Original Articles. Other manuscript formats such as Review Articles may have a more flexible structure. In the case of Brief Communications, all sections below should appear in sequence, without headings and subheadings. The sections AI Use Disclosure, Data Availability Statement, Supplementary Material, Acknowledgements, Funding, Author Contributions, Conflicts of Interest, and References are also mandatory in all manuscripts. For details, please refer to our webpage (Instruction for Authors) or contact the editorial office at ocr_journal@usp.br.

Please, remove this paragraph before submitting your manuscript.

INTRODUCTION

The introduction should be concise and place the manuscript in broader context. The text should present the current state of the knowledge in the topic related to the research, sharing the baseline information and citing key and relevant publications.

The introduction should outline the significance and purpose of the work and clearly describe specific hypotheses being tested, in the last paragraph(s). Authors are free to describe their objective(s) as one or more hypothesis to be tested, or as a question to be answered, or even as an interesting/important environmental feature/phenomenon to be described.

The Introduction must be straight to the point, and preferably without subheadings. Authors should keep in mind that the introduction must be comprehensible to scientists from other research areas unrelated to the topic of the manuscript.

Lines should be numbered in the document, starting from the first paragraph of the Introduction, as shown in this template.

METHODS

This section should be described with sufficient detail to allow others to replicate and build on published results. New methods and protocols should be described in detail while well-established methods can be briefly described and appropriately cited. We strongly recommend that authors reference the study/survey in time and space, if applicable. Authors should describe the main characteristics of the surveyed area and/or the experimental design. The description of data analyses is strongly recommended. The name and version of any relevant software or computer code relevant to the study should be cited or made available. Include any pre-registration codes. Research permits should be placed in this section whenever necessary.

RESULTS

This section must address the main results gathered from the sampling procedures, survey design and/or experimental work described in the Methods section.

The sections 'Results' and 'Discussion' must not be merged into a single section of 'Results and Discussion'. Invited manuscripts and/or those articles featured in Special Article Collections may be exempted from this directive upon consultation with the Editorial Board prior to initial submission.

Subheadings

Authors are free to use specific subheadings to better share the most important results that support or reject their research hypothesis or that better describe the oceanographic features being treated in the manuscript.

The information in the Results section should follow the same logical presentation provided in the Methods section. Tables and figures can be used to summarize or illustrate the results. Additional data (large tables, extra figures, images, videos, etc.) can be shared as Supplementary Material in case the manuscript is accepted. Please correctly identify such material upon submission.

Equations

Equations must be written using either the Microsoft Equation Editor or the MathType add-on. Equations should be editable by the editorial office and not appear as images.

Preparing figures and tables

Figures and graphics at a sufficiently high resolution (minimum 1000 pixels width/height, or a resolution of 300 dpi or higher) can be uploaded in a proper field in the submission platform. Make sure figures have sufficient pixel definition before submission. Common formats are accepted; however, TIFF, JPEG and EPS are preferred.

The text within the figures and graphics must be in a font size large enough to be perfectly legible even after a figure is reduced to fit the journal’s page format. Ocean and Coastal Research can publish multimedia files in articles or as supplementary materials. Please contact the editorial office for further information.

All Figures and Tables must be numbered following their number of appearance (Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 1, etc.).

All Figures and Tables should have a self-explanatory caption.

All table columns should have an explanatory heading. To facilitate the copy-editing of larger tables, smaller fonts may be used, but no less than 8 pt. in size. Authors should use the Table option of Microsoft Word to create tables.

Authors are encouraged to prepare figures in color (RGB at 8-bits per channel).

Notice: During the submission process in the ScholarOne Manuscript Central, Tables and Figures will be asked to be uploaded in a separate file from the main text. Each table from the manuscript must be included as a separate text file (e.g., .doc, .docx, etc) in portrait orientation with their captions included in the same file, with the caption text before the table. Each figure must be uploaded separately, and the figure caption text will be included directly in the submission portal. All Tables and Figures will be automatically included in the final manuscript proof file before final submission.

Further directions on Figures and Tables are detailed below in this document.

DISCUSSION

The Discussion must start with a statement of main findings, preferably in one sentence, without repeating the results. Discussion without citations referencing pertinent literature to the manuscript will not be accepted.

The authors must then indicate the strengths and weaknesses of their results, in perspective with other studies, and address the meaning of their findings without entering speculative or circular reasoning. Unanswered questions and future research directions may also be mentioned.

Quote tables and figures only when it is essential to draw the reader's attention to one or more important results.

Subheadings

Authors are free to use specific and useful subheadings according to their manuscript requirements to better discuss the results.

CONCLUSION

This section is not mandatory but can be added to stress the main findings and future directions of the research, usually within one or two paragraphs. This section must have a strong link to the main objectives, questions or hypotheses. Avoid sentences such as "in conclusion ..." or "in summary...". Use the section to highlight the value of your research and position your findings within a large context.

AI USE DISCLOSURE

Authors must disclose any use of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in the preparation of the manuscript. When:

No AI used: authors should state: “The authors declare that no generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools were used in the preparation, writing, or editing of this manuscript.”

AI used:

For language refinement, authors should list all tools employed and state: “Artificial intelligence tools (list here all AI tools used: e.g., ChatGPT, OpenAI, DALL-E, etc.) were used exclusively to refine the English language. The content was carefully reviewed by the authors, who are fully responsible for the final version of the manuscript.”

For other generative content, authors should list all tools employed and state: “Artificial intelligence tools (list all used, e.g., ChatGPT, DALL·E) were used to … (detail here where and how in the manuscript AI was applied and for what purpose, e.g. data analysis, figure generation, or other content). The authors carefully reviewed all AI-generated outputs and are fully responsible for their accuracy and interpretation.”

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

In this section, authors must provide clear information about the availability of the raw data supporting the results reported in the study. This should include direct links to any publicly archived datasets analyzed or generated during the research. If the data are available only upon request, please include the sentence: “All data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.” If the study does not involve any data, this section should state: “This study does not involve any data.”

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Additional information that supports the findings and conclusions presented in the main text can be included in a online data repository. This material includes detailed methods, extended datasets, additional figures or tables, and any other relevant information that could not be included in the main article due to space constraints.

We strongly recommend that any supplementary data associated with your article be submitted through the Zenodo platform (https://zenodo.org/).

If no supplementary materials are available, authors should include the statement: “This article does not include any supplementary materials.”

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Acknowledgments must be brief, straight to the point. Funding agencies and other funding sources must be disclosed, with their respective grant number(s) if necessary. Keep the original names and acronyms of the native language of institutions and sponsors.

FUNDING

All funding sources related to the research presented in the manuscript must be declared. Clearly state any grants received for your research or scholarships to the authors. Include one of the following statements: “This research received no external funding.” OR “This research was funded by [Funder Name], Grant/Scholarship No. [XXX].”. Include this information to each author as necessary.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION

Ocean and Coastal Research follows the CRediT criteria for authorship role designation. All co-authors must have at least (1) actively participated in the discussion of results, and (2) reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. Please select the role(s) for each author as expressed on the CRediT website at https://casrai.org/credit/ and inform them in this section, using author initials, followed by the respective role(s).

Example for three authors:

A.B.C.: Conceptualization; Investigation; Writing – original draft; Writing – review & editing.

D.E.F.G.: Methodology; Software; Formal Analysis; Investigation; Writing – review & editing.

H.I.: Supervision; Resources; Project Administration; Funding Acquisition; Writing – review & editing.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

Authors must declare existing or potential conflicts of interest during the online manuscript submission process and this statement will be published in the final version of the manuscript. A conflict of interest can be of a personal, commercial, political, academic, or financial nature when authors, reviewers or editors have interests that can influence the preparation or evaluation of manuscripts. Disclose any role of funding sponsors in selecting the research project, study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, writing, or publication decisions. If no conflicts of interest exist, authors should state: "The authors declare no conflicts of interest."

REFERENCES

Ocean and Coastal Research follows the Harvard style of literature referencing. For speeding up the reviewing and the publishing processes, we strongly suggest the authors to use the ‘Ocean and Coastal Research’ style available in the reference manager freeware Zotero. The Citation Style Language (.CSL) file is also available at our webpage and can be freely used in other reference manager software that uses the CSL format, such as Mendeley, Papers, ReadCube and others (visit https://citationstyles.org/ for a complete list). It is the responsibility of the authors to double check the list of references and their quotations in the main text. Preparing the references using appropriate software will assist in avoiding typing mistakes, duplicated references and formatting issues. Citations and References in Supplementary files are permitted provided that they also appear in the main text and in the reference list. Citations in the main text must include the author's names and year of publication, following the ‘Ocean and Coastal Research’ style. References to thesis, dissertations and reports are allowed as long as a valid and active URL pointing to the full text is included, along with the date of access.

Use the paragraph formatting as below, organizing the references in alphabetical order:

Albright, R., Caldeira, L., Hosfelt, J., Kwiatkowski, L., Maclaren, J. K., Mason, B. M., Nebuchina, Y., Ninokawa, A., Pongratz, J., Ricke, K. L., Rivlin, T., Schneider, K., Sesboue, M., Shamberger, K., Silverman, J., Wolfe, K., Zhu, K. & Caldeira, K. 2016. Reversal of ocean acidification enhances net coral reef calcification. Nature, 531, 362-365.

Natalio, L. F., Pardo, J. C. F., Machado, G. B. O., Fortuna, M. D., Gallo, D. G. & Costa, T. M. 2017. Potential effect of fiddler crabs on organic matter distribution: a combined laboratory and field experimental approach. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 184, 158-165.

Roberts, J. M., Wheeler, A. J. & Freiwald, A. 2006. Reefs of the deep: the biology and geology of cold-water coral ecosystems. Science, 312, 543- 547.

Please remove the contents of this and the following pages before submission.

Main examples of referencing literature

Journals: print and online.

ONE AUTHOR

In-text example: (Schneider, 2015).

Reference List Example:

Schneider, E. K. 2015. Trajectory analysis of the mechanism for westward propagation of Rossby waves. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 72, 2178-2182. doi:10.1175/JAS-D-14-0242.1

TWO AUTHORS

In-text example: (Fruman and Achatz, 2015).

Reference List Example:

Fruman, M. D. & Achatz, U. 2015. Validation of large-eddy simulation methods for gravity wave breaking. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 72, 3537- 3562.

THREE OR MORE AUTHORS

In-text examples: (Roberts et al., 2006); Natalio et al. (2017); Albright et al. (2016).

Reference List Examples:

Roberts, J. M., Wheeler, A. J. & Freiwald, A. 2006. Reefs of the deep: the biology and geology of cold-water coral ecosystems. Science, 312, 543- 547.

Natalio, L. F., Pardo, J. C. F., Machado, G. B. O., Fortuna, M. D., Gallo, D. G. & Costa, T. M. 2017. Potential effect of fiddler crabs on organic matter distribution: a combined laboratory and field experimental approach. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 184, 158-165.

Albright, R., Caldeira, L., Hosfelt, J., Kwiatkowski, L., Maclaren, J. K., Mason, B. M., Nebuchina, Y., Ninokawa, A., Pongratz, J., Ricke, K. L., Rivlin, T., Schneider, K., Sesboue, M., Shamberger, K., Silverman, J., Wolfe, K., Zhu, K. & Caldeira, K. 2016. Reversal of ocean acidification enhances net coral reef calcification. Nature, 531, 362-365.

Books: print and online

ONE AUTHOR

In-text example: (Lurton, 2010).

Reference List Example:

Lurton, X. 2010. An introduction to underwater acoustics: principles and applications, Berlin, Springer - Verlag.

TWO AUTHORS

In-text example: (Jakobse and Ozhigin, 2011)

Reference List Example:

Jakobse, T. & Ozhigin, V. K. 2011. The Barents Sea: ecosystem, resources, 23 management, Trondheim, Tapir Acad. Press.

THREE OR MORE AUTHORS

In-text examples: Liu et al. (2015); (Mann et al., 2000); Quintell et al. (2015).

Reference List Examples:

Liu, Y., Kerkering, H. & Weisberg, R. H. 2015. Coastal ocean observing systems, Amsterdam, Academic Press.

Mann, J., Connor, R. C., Tyack, P. L. & Whitehead, H. 2000. Cetacean societies: field studies of dolphins and whales, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

Quintrell, J., Luettich, R., Baltes, B., Kirkpatrick, B., Stumpf, R. P., Schwab, D. J., Read, J., Kohut, J., Manderson, J., Mccammon, M., Callender, R., Tomlinson, M., Kirkpatrick, G. J., Kerkering, H. & Anderson, E. J. 2015. The importance of federal and regional partnerships in coastal observing. In: Liu, Y., Kerkering, H. & Weisberg, R. H. (eds.) Coastal ocean observing systems. Boston: Academic Press.

Chapter in a single author book

In-text example: Bourdieu (2011).

Reference List Example:

Bourdieu, P. 2011. In front of the camera and behind the scenes. On television. Cambridge: Polity.

Maps In-text examples:

(Bourillet et al., 2012);

(Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment and Program and Coastal Services Center, 2001)

Reference List Examples:

Bourillet, J. F., De Chambure, L., Loubrieu, B., Breton, C. & Maze, J. P. 2012. Geomorphological map from Blackmud canyon to Douarnenez canyon. Scale : 1 / 1000 000 (N 46 degree ) Mercator projection Ellipsoid WGS84. Versailles: Editions Quae. 1 map.

Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment (US). Biogeography Program & Coastal Services Center (US). 2001. Benthic habitats of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Silver Spring: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Corporate authors

In-text examples:

University of Chicago Press, 2010); (BSI, 1985); (ISO, 1997); (WHO, 1993)

Reference List Examples:

University of Chicago Press. 2010. The Chicago manual of style. 16th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

BSI (British Standards Institution) 1985. Specification for abbreviation of title words and titles of publications. London: BSI.

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 1997. Information and Documentation—Bibliographic References. Part 2, Electronic Documents or Parts Thereof. ISO 690-2. New York: American National Standards Institute.

WHO (World Health Organization) 1993. WHO editorial style manual. Geneva: World Health Organization.

All Figures and Tables must be numbered following their order of appearance (Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 1, etc.).

All Figures and Tables should have a self-explanatory caption. The text within the figures and graphics must be in a font size large enough to be perfectly legible. OCR can publish multimedia files in articles or as supplementary materials. Please contact the editorial office at ocr_journal@usp.br for further information.

All Tables must be formatted to fit the portrait page width and to be presented in portrait page orientation.

Every Figure (as .jpg, .png, .tiff, .eps files) and Table (as .docx file) must be uploaded as separate files on the manuscript submission system, and preferably not added to the main text. They will be automatically included on the PDF proof file built at the final steps of your submission.

Table 1. All table columns should have an explanatory heading. Acronyms must be identified in table legends, even if they have been described in the main text. To facilitate the copy-editing of larger tables, smaller fonts may be used, but no less than 8 pt. in size.

Title	Title
Title	Title
Title	Title	Title	Title	Title	Title
Entry	Data	Data	Data	Data	Data
Entry	Data	Data	Data	Data	Data
Entry	Data	Data	Data	Data	Data
Entry	Data	Data	Data	Data	Data
Entry	Data	Data	Data	Data	Data
Entry	Data	Data	Data	Data	Data
Entry	Data	Data	Data	Data	Data
Entry	Data	Data	Data	Data	Data1

1 Tables may have a footer

A

BC

Figure 1. Figures and graphics at a sufficiently high resolution (minimum 1000 pixels width/height, or a resolution of 300 dpi or higher) can be uploaded in a proper field in the submission platform. Figures are (A) pictures, (B) graphs and (C) maps and drawings. Acronyms, if used, must be identified in figure legends, even if they have been described in the main text.

Make sure figures have sufficient pixel definition before submission. Common formats are accepted; however, TIFF, JPEG and EPS are preferred. Authors are encouraged to prepare figures in color (RGB at 8-bit per channel). Internal fonts (X, Y axis, figure titles, internal legends etc.) must be large enough to allow easy reading even after a figure is reduced to fit the journal’s page format.

Figures and Schemes at a sufficiently high resolution (minimum 1000 pixels width/height, or a resolution of 300 dpi or higher- how do I check figure resolution?) can be uploaded in a proper field in the submission platform. Make sure figures have enough pixel definition before submission. Common image formats are accepted; however, TIFF, JPEG and EPS are preferred. The preferred figure width is 15-20 cm with a minimal 300 dpi resolution. The upper pixel limit (height x width) for the figure rendering is 40MP (megapixels) - figures and photos over this limit will be not rendered properly by the submisison system and may not be available in the PDF file made available for the reviewers.